total: 65,200 sq km
land: 65,200 sq km
Coastline: 99 km
Population: 3,584,966 (July 1999 est.)
Source: CIA Worldfact Book (2000)
Lithuania
Lithuanian Water Management Institute
(Source: CIA World Factbook 1999)
Many thanks to the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, the source of the following information. The information was taken from the Lithuania's submission to the 5th and 7th Sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development (last update: December 1998). For further information on the Lithuania's social and economic factors, natural resources, and institutional structures see the United Nations System-Wide Web Site on National Implementation of the Rio Commitments National Information for Lithuania at:
http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/lithuan/index.htm
Integrated decision-making
Lithuania has not signed the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as of January 5, 1999.
The Ministry of Environment is the main responsible body for the marine affairs. The following specific bodies of the Ministry are responsible for integrated coastal zone management: the Centre of Marine Research, the Regional Environmental Protection Department of Klaipëda, and the Landscape and Environmental Impact Assessment Divisions. The following bodies of the Ministry are responsible for marine environmental protection: Centre of Marine Research of the Ministry of Environment, Joint Research Centre, and the Coast Guard Service of Klaipëda Regional Environmental Protection Department. Also the Klaipëda State Seaport Authority under the Ministry of Transport deals with marine environmental protection. Issues of sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources belong to the Klaipëda Regional Environmental Protection Department, Fish Resources Department, and Marine Research Centre of the Ministry of Environment, and the Fishery Department of the Ministry of Agriculture.
The National Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) Committee was established in 1998 by the Order of the Minister of Environment to facilitate co-ordination among all of the responsible organisations.
Lithuania has a national strategy on ICZM that aims to minimise the pollution in the land and sea water basins during intensive economic activities. Requirements exist to prepare territorial planning documents for coastal zone management and assess environmental impact of the planned solutions. The Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan also affect the management of coastal and marine areas.
The Environmental Strategy aims to better control, minimise pollution and preserve natural resources. Lithuania also has a National Oil Spills Contingency Plan.
Major issues relating to oceans and seas are being carried out conforming to the IBSFC and NAFO Recommendations.
The following programmes and activities address
Lithuanian marine issues: the HELCOM Baltic Sea
Environmental Protection Monitoring Programme, and the State
Sea Environmental Monitoring Programme. A HELCOM Integrated
Coastal Zone Management Project started in 1997. There is
also a HELCOM Project on Coastal Conditions and
Monitoring.
Furthermore, the following HELCOM working groups address
marine activities: the HELCOM PITF MLW Working Group on
Management Plans for Coastal Lagoons and Wetlands, and the
HELCOM Environment Committeeís Working Groups on
Coastal Assessment, Coastal Monitoring of the Baltic Sea,
and Nature Conservation and Biodiversity.
The following plans and documents address the
preservation and sustainable use of fragile ecosystems:
Project Action Plan with USA called the Redevelopment of a
Wetland Buffer System in the Nemunas River Delta (Kursiu
Marios Lagoon Estuary of
Lithuania), creating Kursiu Nerija (Curonian Spit) National
Park, Nemunas Delta and Pajuris Regional Parks. There is a
special plan for Kursiu Nerija National Park, and
territorial planning documents for Klaipëda, Palanga
and Sventoji cities for protection
and management of coastal zone.
Integrated coastal zone management is regulated by the
Administrative Law Violation Code of Republic of Lithuania
(1994), Penal Code of Republic of Lithuania (1994) with some
amendments later, Statute of the Klaipeda State Sea Port of
the Republic of Lithuania (1996), Inner Water Transport Code
of Republic of Lithuania (1996), Law on
Construction of Buildings in the Coastal Zone and Kursiu
Nerija (1995), and the Governmental Decree on Delineation of
Coastal Zone No 78 (1996). All development works in the
coastal zone are regulated by the special Law on Coastal
Zone. The territorial planning documents are being prepared
for the coastal and marine areas.
Marine environmental protection is regulated by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania No 495 (1998), Order of the Transport and Communication Ministry of the Republic of Lithuania No 185 (1998), Law on Marine Environment Protection No VIII - 512 (1997), and the Methodical Recommendations for the Calculation of Damages for the Nature according to the Environmental Protection Law (1992).
Sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources is regulated by the Draft Fisheries Law, Rules on Fishing and Protection of Fish Resources in the Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea, Order on Enforcement and Management Measures for Lithuanian Fishing Vessels in the Conventional Area of the North West Atlantic, and the Law on Wildlife.
Furthermore, there are regulations for the navigation such as the Navigable Regulations of the Klaipeda State Port (1993).
Local authorities, scientific institutions, business and industry, and NGOs are involved in the decision-making process.
Status
All of Lithuania's territory is within the Baltic Sea catchment area. The major uses of the coastal areas in Lithuania are recreation, tourism, fishing, shipping and other industries.
The primary sources of land-based pollution of the marine environment are industry, agriculture and transport that load waste from the coastal areas to the marine basins. The primary sources of sea-based pollution of the marine environment are oil spills, waste waters, garbage, and exhaust from marine vessels.
About 80 percent of the Kurðiø Lagoon and 45
percent of the Baltic Sea coastal waters are heavily loaded
with nitrogen and phosphorus. Often, particularly during
algae blooming, oxygen deficit resulting in mass fish deaths
occurs. The impact on the
Baltic Sea of both the Nemunas basin rivers and the
Kurðiø Lagoon water mass can be easily traced at
a radius of 10 to 15 km from the Klaipëda Straits.
During the hot days of the summer season, the sanitary
status of the beaches of Klaipëda, Giruliai and Palanga
is below standards.
Domestic waste waters in cities, with the exception of Panevëþys, Vilnius and Marijampolë, are discharged into the rivers with only mechanical or insufficient biological treatment; in Kaunas City waste waters are totally untreated. After biological waste water treatment is introduced in Klaipëda, Giruliai, Palanga and the waste water treatment plant in Kaunas starts operating, it can be expected that only one percent of waste water will remain untreated. Therefore, construction of waste water treatment facilities remains the highest priority for investments, particularly for funds from State budget, and loans and subsidies received by the State. At the same time, it is necessary to implement measures for the reduction of non-point source pollution of surface waters, and develop the necessary water protection laws.
The management structure of the Port of Klaipëda has been fundamentally reorganised. Container and oil terminals are under reconstruction. The period of implementation of the projects of the port modernisation is 1996-2000.
Since June 1993 Lithuania has used a "sanitary fee" which depends on the volume of ships. Taxes are levied on the volume of waste produced by a ship when it goes to the repairing enterprise and is able to deliver wastes. The capacities of two liquid oily waste treatment plants are sufficient for the needs of the Port of Klaipëda.
The share of fishing in the national economy is approximately one percent. The sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources is encouraged by international and national legislation systems. Quotas are being allocated for each fishing vessel, fishing enterprise.
The major impact of shipping on the sustainable management of coastal zones is the pollution of the coastal areas. The impact of coastal and marine based industries on sustainable development of coastal areas is not large.
Capacity-building, education, training and awareness-raising
The Great Lakes-Baltic Sea Initiative and the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) activities on the protection of the Baltic Sea environment contain training and awareness-raising activities for the responsible planners and for relevant industries to assist them in managing sustainable development in coastal zones.
Technology
Lithuania applies the best available technology to identify pollution of the marine environment. Problems have been identified with the means for addressing oil (aerial control).
Information
National information available to assist both decision-makers and planners working in coastal areas related to sustainable management of fishery resources can be obtained from research and investigations as well as from various recommendations.
Information on marine pollution is available from HELCOM Assessment of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea (every 5 years) and from the Annual Report of the Marine Research Centre.
Lithuania has started to make use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to monitor the implementation of relevant laws and regulations.
Financing
The sector is financed by the national budget and private sector partnerships.
Cooperation
Lithuania is party to the following international and
regional conventions related to marine affairs:
- 1992 Helsinki Convention on Protection of Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Lithuania has ratified it on 25 February 1997),
- 1973 Gdansk Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources in the Baltic Sea and the Belts (Lithuania has ratified it on 14 July 1992), and
- Convention on Future Multilateral Co-operation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (Lithuania has ratified it on 14 July 1992).
Other sea or marine related agreements include:
- Agreement on Fisheries Relations between the European Community and the Republic of Lithuania,
- Agreed Record of Conclusions of Fisheries Consultations of Fisheries Consultations between the Republic of Lithuania and European Community,
- Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Republic of Lithuania concerning fisheries of the coasts of the United States, and
- Draft Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Latvia and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania.
Other regional activities related to sustainable development
and use of oceans and coastal areas include:
- An Agenda 21 for the Baltic Sea Region - Baltic 21,
- BAFICO - Baltic Fisheries Co-operation, and
- UNO - Fisheries and Agriculture Organisations.
Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area
Information on
environment and marine affairs
COSTAL ZONE OF LITHUANIA
General features
Lithuania has an area of approx. 65,000 km2 and a little
over 3,8 million inhabitants. On land Lithuania has
boundaries with Belarus (502 km), Latvia (453 km), Poland
(91 km) and Russia (227 km). The government type is
republic. Lithuania is not a member of the EU.
The length of the Lithuanian coastline is 94 km.
COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN LITHUANIA
EUCC has compiled country files on Integrated Coastal
Management (ICM) for all coastal states of Europe and
Central Asia. Summaries for all countries will become
available in August.
This page provides a preliminary summary on the following
items for Lithuania:
- Spatial planning
- Environment
- Nature Conservation
- Sectoral Development
- Framework for Development of ICZM
- National Achievements in the Field of ICZM
- Problems and Constraints for the Development of ICZM
1. Spatial Planning
1.1 Legislation and Regulations
- Law on Land Reform (1991) excludes the territory of coastal strip from privatisation.
- Law on Protected Areas (1993) imposes use restrictions on further land use in the Kursiu Nerija National Park and coastal zone.
- Law on Land (1994) excludes the territory of Kursiu Nerija National Park and continental shelf of the territorial sea from privatisation.
- Law on Territorial Planning (1995)
- Law on Construction in the Coastal Strip of the Republic of Lithuania and the Kursiu Nerija National Park (1995). Establishes special restrictions in the coastal strip and forbids the construction of any constructions in the coastal strip as well as in the whole Kursiu Nerija national park.
Territorial (Spatial) plans are distinguished either according to territory - state, county, municipal (part of municipality etc.) - or according to planning content and detail degree - comprehensive plan, detail plan, special plan. The coastal strip is formed in the mainland coastal territory and is about 400 - 1300 m in width, the state has exclusive rights and major construction activities are limited. Development in the coastal zone area can only be pursued with a specially designed development plan, which has to be drawn up in accordance with the existing comprehensive, detailed or special development plans. Public hearings and discussions as well as impact assessment of plan's solutions are obligatory.
1.2 Administrative Competencies
Within the coastal strip, on a national level, the Ministry of Environment (MoE) carries out territorial planning supervision and organisation. The Territorial Planning Department (MoE) is also involved in ensuring integration of coastal management and protection issues. The exclusive right to issue a permit for construction or reconstruction belongs to the Lithuanian government mediated by the Klaipeda County (since the entire coastal zone falls within the administrative boundaries of this county) and the Ministry of Environment. Proposals are usually made by respective municipality administrations.
Within the coastal strip, on a county level, planning is organised by the Klaipeda County Administration. Its Territorial Planning Department is responsible for integration of coastal management through supervision of territorial planning procedures. A Regional Environmental Protection Department under supervision of the MoE has been established, which is responsible for overall planning and management protection and inspection of the territory of coastal zone. Furthermore, a construction supervision inspection directly supervises construction process in the county.
Outside the coastal strip, the five municipalities of the Klaipeda County are responsible for territorial planning and development and have the right, each for their own territory, to develop comprehensive and detailed territorial plans, which must be in accordance with state interests. State parks (1 national and 1 regional) have their own administrations with responsibility to the Ministry of Environment.
1.3 Coastal Policy
At the national level, policy is expressed in legislation, the National Environmental Strategy (1996) and the Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (1998). At the moment the Ministry of Environment with assistance from the Danish government is preparing a special project on ICZM. This year, the Government should also present a special draft Coastal Zone Law to the Parliament.
The Master Plans of the Klaipeda, Palanga cities exist which include issues on ICZM. There is a comprehensive plan (general scheme) of the Kursiu Nerija national park, adopted in 1989 by Cabinet of Ministers, which is used as state policy in the whole national park territory as well as in ICZM. In 1999, the Neringa municipality started with the preparation of special ICZM programmes where special measures are planned to manage and protect the coastal zone.
The Klaipeda county master plan is currently under preparation, and some issues of ICZM might be regarded as state policy. At the moment, a Master plan project is being prepared, which is going to be adopted this year. The plan aims to provide clear guidelines for sustainable and integrated development priorities of the Klaipeda county until the year 2020. It is to become a key part of the state spatial planning system and a guide for other plans.
2. Environment
2.1 Legislation and Regulations
- Law on Environmental Protection (1992)
- Law on Protection of Marine Environment (1997)
- Law on Water (1997)
- Law on Monitoring of the Environment (1997)
- Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (2000)
2.2 Administrative Competencies
The Environment Ministry is empowered to present draft legislation, recommendations to the legislature and the executive branch on measures to enhance environmental policies and programmes. Apart from this, the Ministry is the principal governing institution (with associated institutions) for the issuance of permits for the exploration and usage of natural resources, storage or burial of domestic and industrial wastes, and the discharge of pollutants. The main responsibility to maintain environmental quality and ecological coherence of the foreshore and onshore by ensuring that private owners and coastal users follow environmental protection laws lies with the municipalities.
2.3 Environmental Policy
The environmental policy is based on the principle that
natural and recreational values of the coast must be
preserved. In the national policy documents such as the
National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan
(1996) and the National Biodiversity Conservation
Strategy and Action Plan (1998) is foreseen that natural
resources and coastal landscapes should be protected. In the
planning documents of the Klaipeda county, and
presented municipalities the Lithuanian coastal zone is
interpreted as an area of environmental protection priority
with sustainable tourism and fisheries proposed as the main
fostered activities. Recent proposals for harbour
development, dumping, etc. are very carefully analysed and
assessed in terms of environmental impact and coastal zone
protection. Restoration of degraded coastal dunes in recent
years is the major concern of the Ministry of Environment
and affected Palanga and Neringa municipalities. A
precondition for implementation of the special programmes
and plans is the preparation of an ICZM plan.
3. Nature
Conservation
3.1 Legislation and Regulations
- Law on Protection of Plants (1995)
- Law on Protected Flora, Fauna Species and Communities (1997)
- Law on Wild Fauna (1997)
- Law on Forests (1994, 1998) says all coastal forests on the Curonian Spit and on the continental coast of the Baltic and the Curonian lagoon are state-owned with exclusive state interest and special coastal management function.
3.2 Administrative Competencies
The master plans of protected areas, such as state parks,
are to be approved by the government.
National parks are administered by park administrations,
which fall under the Ministry of Environmental Protection
with its Department of Protected Areas and Forests.
Concerning objects and regions of cultural heritage the
Department of Cultural Heritage Protection is
involved.
3.3 System of Protected Areas
Nature conservation in the coastal zone mainly focuses on the Kursiu Nerija national park and two regional parks - Pajuris and Nemunas delta - as well as state reserves. Nature protection activity is also carried out in the state forests along the coastal line where forest categorisation is used as areas of limited economic activity, protection measures and special management is used for city's parks and recreational areas. In total approx. 70% of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea and Kursiu Lagoon coast fall under some form of nature conservancy. [18] Furthermore, many types of animals and plants in the Klaipeda region are registered in the Red Book, most of them are close to the areas protected by the protective areas regulations and only some of them require local protection.
The Lithuanian Fund for Nature has compiled a
Management Plan for Rusne Island. Local farmers
organised themselves into the Rusne Fund for Nature in order
to implement the management plan. The project for the
Nemunas Delta Regional park, Rusne island, is an example of
conservation and nature protection going hand in hand with
an improved economy through sustainable agriculture and
tourism. [19]
4. Sectoral
Development
4.1 Coastal Defence
Coastal erosion is increasing every year. Coastal forests
are, according to the Law on Forests, specifically
regarded as a protective forest category. The use of forests
in the coastal zone is limited, clear cutting of trees is
not allowed in a 1-km zone.
4.2 Recreation and Tourism
Lithuania knows a long tradition of tourism and leisure, which exerts significant development pressures on the coast. District changes are taking place in this sector. Foreseen are a strong growth of leisure industry, stabilisation of recreational flows and intensification of tourism connections in the Baltic region. The increasing number of Western tourists encourages investment in renovation and improvement in holiday facilities. [ 20]
4.3 Fisheries and Aquaculture
The major fishing industry is in decline due to the collapse of the USSR fishing system and Klaipeda ocean fishing fleet. Fish catch has suffered a reduction since 1990, also because of the Curonian lagoon division between Lithuania and Russia. However, fishing quotas in the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon are being caught, not allowing for possibilities of increasing fishing catch. In recent years coast fishing, which was prohibited before 1991, has become more active. There are signs of recreational fishing development. [21] There exists no fishery development programme. Balancing the conservation of fish stock with commercial exploitation is an important issue and equally the development of recreational fishing depends on maintaining reasonable water quality in rivers, lagoon and in-shore waters. [22]
4.4 Transport and Energy
Transport falls under the Ministry of Transport
and Communications. A good infrastructure network connects
the sea coast region with the rest of the country: good
railway connections, an airport in Palanga, good
telecommunications and energy supply infrastructure. The
motorway Vilnius-Kaunas-Klaipeda is particularly important.
With the easing of cross-border travel restrictions, greater
export-import activity is planned for the coming decade.
Also visible are increasing car and greater air travel
volumes to and from other European destinations. There has
been a significant increase in the level of transport
activity. Expected is a further increase in the number of
Palanga airport flight connections and an intensification of
water transport, especially concerning passenger and freight
ferries and yachting. More cargo transport by ships and
railway is planned. Within the plan for port reconstruction,
cargo transport should double in the coming 15 years.
An example of an effort to lessen the impact of the
transport sector on the environment is the Oil Terminal
Development Programme: an assessment of environmental
aspects was carried out for the development of the Butinge
oil terminal. [23]
The energy sector is experiencing a downturn in usage, limiting factors being the age of existing energy supply systems and a shortage of money for renovation. This situation is hoped to improve as the economical situation in Lithuania improves. There are no plans to get independent electricity and alternative energy is expected to develop slightly.
4.5 Harbours and Shipping
General responsibility on a national level lies with the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The main Lithuanian marine port and access route for people and trade is the Klaipeda Port. The Law of the Klaipeda State Sea-Port regulates the management, governance and ownership of the port and declares its territory and water area to be in exclusive state ownership and maintenance responsibility. At the moment the spatial development perspective of the sea port is focused on expansion. A potential conflict arises when the fact is considered that the areas adjacent to the seaport are currently still with municipal or private jurisdiction. A Programme of Port Expansion and Modernisation [24] to the year 2015 is being drawn up. Responsibilities of the Klaipeda State Sea Port Authority include preparation of the Port development guidelines, organisation of its implementation and control of the execution of the relevant laws. The ideas of development of the Sventoji port are under development.
4.6 Industry
Most industry is located along the coast near the lagoon. Development plans have not yet been rigorously evaluated and it is therefore a dangerous period for the stability of coastal zone balance. However, questions of sustainable territorial planning are being solved. Evaluation of territories is going on and programmes for the development of the most efficient types of industry for a specific area are being prepared. Development aims focus on accelerating the reconstruction of the Klaipeda port, finishing the construction of the Butinge oil terminal (some infrastructure is still under construction) and creating new industrial complexes to the rear of the port as well as defining types of industry not suitable for the coastal area. Also planned is the development of the Sventoji port for middle-size ships and industry. According to the General Plan, a programme of gradual relocation is being carried out for industry. Planning and implementation of Free Economic Zones is left for further planning Small- and medium business is being encouraged. Development of industry, related to local material resources is orientated to the search for, and employment of, alternative energy sources.
4.7 Agriculture
The main focus of the agricultural sector is to satisfy the demand for quality milk, meat products and fresh vegetables. Some of this production is exported abroad. At the moment, land reform is under final execution phase returning all land to the owners. Partially state-supported agriculture is gradually improving and subsidies are gradually decreasing. Due to money shortage the area of farmed land has decreased, leaving natural meadows out of intensive agriculture.
An example of a project related to agriculture is
Sustainable Farming on Rusne Island (EUCC
initiative), which introduced silage making as a more
environmentally flexible farming technique. Furthermore, the
project possibly allows for environmentally friendly tourism
development in the future.
5. Framework for the Development of
ICZM
- Lithuania has ratified the following conventions:
- MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships;
- UN/ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (1992 signed, ratified 1999)
- Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1993 into force)
- Rio de Janeiro Convention on Biodiversity Preservation (1996)
- Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (1997);
- Legislation on the coastal strip established a protected strip, however not extended seawards. The whole coast is regarded as coastal planning zone. There are restrictions on intensive forestry, however, not on intensive farming.
- Bern Convention on Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (1996)
- Basel Convention on the control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1999 accession)
6. National Achievements in the
Field of ICZM
- ICZM Plan for (Baltic coasts of Latvia and) Lithuania has been launched, funded by (EU) PHARE and the World Bank, to support implementation of the Baltic Sea Environment Programme, emphasising the principle of an integrated approach to management as well as actively promoting public participation. There are many proposals for projects, however, the process of implementation has not yet begun.
- The HELCOM PITF MLW ICZM Programme for the Curonian Lagoon was started, resulting in the preparation of a management plan for the Curonian lagoon. So far it has mainly focused on compilation of available materials and assessment of the current situation in terms of production and environmental protection.
- Under the ICZM Programme for the Baltic States and Poland, progress has been made in the development of a unified data collection, extraction and processing system as a support tool for coastal zone management.
- On a local level integration of environmental protection with economic development has been achieved with the project ëSustainable Farming on Rusne Islandí.
- The detailed plans for the Olando kepure nature reserve, Palanga city coastal zone, places particular emphasis on integrated coastal management in Pajuris regional park. Anticipated by the state park administration, the interests of local private tourism and fishery enterprises are carefully balanced with conservation and environmental education.
- The Klaipeda Environmental Project integrates improvements to Klaipeda water and waste water system with a management plan and programme for the Curonian Lagoon and Nemunas River Delta.
- The Neringa and Palanga municipalities prepared detailed plans and special programmes for coastal dunes protection and sustainable management.
- Since this year, sand deposits have been carried out from the entrance of the port as nourishment of the coastal zone. The balance of sand migration in the coastal zone will start to recover.
- Next year the preparation of an integrated coastal zone management plan is going to start.
7. Problems and Constraints for the
Development of ICZM
- There are not yet any special agencies or institutions responsible for planning, implementation and evaluation of ICZM.
- Conflict between different levels of management. The sea coast region knows a wide variety of processes and activities, therefore a large number of management institutions with overlapping activities is involved. Results of management reform are not satisfactory, implementation is difficult.
- Many of the most ecologically hazardous industries may also be the most profitable, therefore, ecological and economic interest can be in acute conflict.
- Organisation and procedures of the planning process are very complicated. There is a need for simplification of the planning process and better co-ordination of planning supervision and control procedures from the Ministry of Environment, and explain them in a simple way to the local population.
- Lack of opportunity for public participation in coastal management and decision making. In theory well organised, however, in practice decisions concerning the port or seaside resort development are usually taken in narrow political and industrial circles leaving other interest groups with little time for generating impute during the public phase of the debates. [25]
- The principle that all the land is returned to its previous owners or their heirs creates the potential conflict between nature conservation or recreation objectives and the desire for commercial exploitation of the area.
- Limiting factors influencing landscape protection
development include neglect of regulations, lack of
finances and investments, fail of information system,
undeveloped planning and engineering and inefficient
environmental protection organisation.
[26]
Limiting factors influencing biodiversity development include a weak legal system, loss of ecological awareness, strengthening of the priorities for utilitarian and economic interests, low level of public awareness and inadequate biodiversity protection. [27]